java-dev
🎯Skillfrom doccker/cc-use-exp
Enforces Java development best practices and standards, covering naming conventions, exception handling, and Spring Boot guidelines.
Installation
npx skills add https://github.com/doccker/cc-use-exp --skill java-devSkill Details
Java 开发规范,包含命名约定、异常处理、Spring Boot 最佳实践等
Overview
# Java 开发规范
> 参考来源: Google Java Style Guide、阿里巴巴 Java 开发手册
---
工具链
```bash
# Maven
mvn clean compile # 编译
mvn test # 运行测试
mvn verify # 运行所有检查
# Gradle
./gradlew build # 构建
./gradlew test # 运行测试
```
---
命名约定
| 类型 | 规则 | 示例 |
|------|------|------|
| 包名 | 全小写,域名反转 | com.example.project |
| 类名 | 大驼峰,名词/名词短语 | UserService, HttpClient |
| 方法名 | 小驼峰,动词开头 | findById, isValid |
| 常量 | 全大写下划线分隔 | MAX_RETRY_COUNT |
| 布尔返回值 | is/has/can 前缀 | isActive(), hasPermission() |
---
类成员顺序
```java
public class Example {
// 1. 静态常量
public static final String CONSTANT = "value";
// 2. 静态变量
private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Example.class);
// 3. 实例变量
private Long id;
// 4. 构造函数
public Example() { }
// 5. 静态方法
public static Example create() { return new Example(); }
// 6. 实例方法(公共 → 私有)
public void doSomething() { }
private void helperMethod() { }
// 7. getter/setter(或使用 Lombok)
}
```
---
异常处理
```java
// ✅ 好:捕获具体异常,添加上下文
try {
user = userRepository.findById(id);
} catch (DataAccessException e) {
throw new ServiceException("Failed to find user: " + id, e);
}
// ✅ 好:资源自动关闭
try (InputStream is = new FileInputStream(file)) {
// 使用资源
}
// ❌ 差:捕获过宽
catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
```
---
空值处理
```java
// ✅ 使用 Optional
public Optional
return userRepository.findById(id);
}
// ✅ 参数校验
public void updateUser(User user) {
Objects.requireNonNull(user, "user must not be null");
}
// ✅ 安全的空值处理
String name = Optional.ofNullable(user)
.map(User::getName)
.orElse("Unknown");
```
---
并发编程
```java
// ✅ 使用 ExecutorService
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
Future
// ✅ 使用 CompletableFuture
CompletableFuture
.supplyAsync(() -> findUser(id))
.thenApply(user -> enrichUser(user));
// ❌ 差:直接创建线程
new Thread(() -> doWork()).start();
```
---
测试规范 (JUnit 5)
```java
class UserServiceTest {
@Test
@DisplayName("根据 ID 查找用户 - 用户存在时返回用户")
void findById_whenUserExists_returnsUser() {
// given
when(userRepository.findById(1L)).thenReturn(Optional.of(expected));
// when
Optional
// then
assertThat(result).isPresent();
assertThat(result.get().getName()).isEqualTo("test");
}
}
```
---
Spring Boot 规范
```java
// ✅ 构造函数注入
@Service
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class UserService {
private final UserRepository userRepository;
private final EmailService emailService;
}
// ✅ REST Controller
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/users")
public class UserController {
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity
return userService.findById(id)
.map(ResponseEntity::ok)
.orElse(ResponseEntity.notFound().build());
}
}
```
---
性能优化
| 陷阱 | 解决方案 |
|------|---------|
| N+1 查询 | 使用 JOIN FETCH 或批量查询 |
| 循环拼接字符串 | 使用 StringBuilder |
| 频繁装箱拆箱 | 使用原始类型流 |
| 未指定集合初始容量 | new ArrayList<>(size) |
---
日志规范
```java
// ✅ 参数化日志
log.debug("Finding user by id: {}", userId);
log.info("User {} logged in successfully", username);
log.error("Failed to process order {}", orderId, exception);
// ❌ 差:字符串拼接
log.debug("Finding user by id: " + userId);
```
---
详细参考
| 文件 | 内容 |
|------|------|
| references/java-style.md | 命名约定、异常处理、Spring Boot、测试规范 |
| references/collections.md | 不可变集合(Guava)、字符串分割 |
| references/concurrency.md | 线程池配置、CompletableFuture 超时 |
| references/code-patterns.md | 卫语句、枚举优化、策略工厂模式 |
---
> 📋 本回复遵循:java-dev - [具体章节]
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