astropy

Astropy is the core Python package for astronomy, providing essential functionality for astronomical research and data analysis. Use astropy for coordinate transformations, unit and quantity calculations, FITS file operations, cosmological calculations, precise time handling, tabular data manipulation, and astronomical image processing.

Use astropy when tasks involve:

• Converting between celestial coordinate systems (ICRS, Galactic, FK5, AltAz, etc.)
• Working with physical units and quantities (converting Jy to mJy, parsecs to km, etc.)
• Reading, writing, or manipulating FITS files (images or tables)
• Cosmological calculations (luminosity distance, lookback time, Hubble parameter)
• Precise time handling with different time scales (UTC, TAI, TT, TDB) and formats (JD, MJD, ISO)
• Table operations (reading catalogs, cross-matching, filtering, joining)
• WCS transformations between pixel and world coordinates
• Astronomical constants and calculations

```python

import astropy.units as u

from astropy.coordinates import SkyCoord

from astropy.time import Time

from astropy.io import fits

from astropy.table import Table

from astropy.cosmology import Planck18

# Units and quantities

distance = 100 * u.pc

distance_km = distance.to(u.km)

# Coordinates

coord = SkyCoord(ra=10.5u.degree, dec=41.2u.degree, frame='icrs')

coord_galactic = coord.galactic

# Time

t = Time('2023-01-15 12:30:00')

jd = t.jd # Julian Date

# FITS files

data = fits.getdata('image.fits')

header = fits.getheader('image.fits')

# Tables

table = Table.read('catalog.fits')

# Cosmology

d_L = Planck18.luminosity_distance(z=1.0)

```

1. Units and Quantities (`astropy.units`)

Handle physical quantities with units, perform unit conversions, and ensure dimensional consistency in calculations.

Key operations:

• Create quantities by multiplying values with units
• Convert between units using .to() method
• Perform arithmetic with automatic unit handling
• Use equivalencies for domain-specific conversions (spectral, doppler, parallax)
• Work with logarithmic units (magnitudes, decibels)

See: references/units.md for comprehensive documentation, unit systems, equivalencies, performance optimization, and unit arithmetic.

2. Coordinate Systems (`astropy.coordinates`)

Represent celestial positions and transform between different coordinate frames.

Key operations:

• Create coordinates with SkyCoord in any frame (ICRS, Galactic, FK5, AltAz, etc.)
• Transform between coordinate systems
• Calculate angular separations and position angles
• Match coordinates to catalogs
• Include distance for 3D coordinate operations
• Handle proper motions and radial velocities
• Query named objects from online databases

See: references/coordinates.md for detailed coordinate frame descriptions, transformations, observer-dependent frames (AltAz), catalog matching, and performance tips.

3. Cosmological Calculations (`astropy.cosmology`)

Perform cosmological calculations using standard cosmological models.

Key operations:

• Use built-in cosmologies (Planck18, WMAP9, etc.)
• Create custom cosmological models
• Calculate distances (luminosity, comoving, angular diameter)
• Compute ages and lookback times
• Determine Hubble parameter at any redshift
• Calculate density parameters and volumes
• Perform inverse calculations (find z for given distance)

See: references/cosmology.md for available models, distance calculations, time calculations, density parameters, and neutrino effects.

4. FITS File Handling (`astropy.io.fits`)

Read, write, and manipulate FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) files.

Key operations:

• Open FITS files with context managers
• Access HDUs (Header Data Units) by index or name
• Read and modify headers (keywords, comments, history)
• Work with image data (NumPy arrays)
• Handle table data (binary and ASCII tables)
• Create new FITS files (single or multi-extension)
• Use memory mapping for large files
• Access remote FITS files (S3, HTTP)

See: references/fits.md for comprehensive file operations, header manipulation, image and table handling, multi-extension files, and performance considerations.

5. Table Operations (`astropy.table`)

Work with tabular data with support for units, metadata, and various file formats.

Key operations:

• Create tables from arrays, lists, or dictionaries
• Read/write tables in multiple formats (FITS, CSV, HDF5, VOTable)
• Access and modify columns and rows
• Sort, filter, and index tables
• Perform database-style operations (join, group, aggregate)
• Stack and concatenate tables
• Work with unit-aware columns (QTable)
• Handle missing data with masking

See: references/tables.md for table creation, I/O operations, data manipulation, sorting, filtering, joins, grouping, and performance tips.

6. Time Handling (`astropy.time`)

Precise time representation and conversion between time scales and formats.

Key operations:

• Create Time objects in various formats (ISO, JD, MJD, Unix, etc.)
• Convert between time scales (UTC, TAI, TT, TDB, etc.)
• Perform time arithmetic with TimeDelta
• Calculate sidereal time for observers
• Compute light travel time corrections (barycentric, heliocentric)
• Work with time arrays efficiently
• Handle masked (missing) times

See: references/time.md for time formats, time scales, conversions, arithmetic, observing features, and precision handling.

7. World Coordinate System (`astropy.wcs`)

Transform between pixel coordinates in images and world coordinates.

Key operations:

• Read WCS from FITS headers
• Convert pixel coordinates to world coordinates (and vice versa)
• Calculate image footprints
• Access WCS parameters (reference pixel, projection, scale)
• Create custom WCS objects

See: references/wcs_and_other_modules.md for WCS operations and transformations.

The references/wcs_and_other_modules.md file also covers:

NDData and CCDData

Containers for n-dimensional datasets with metadata, uncertainty, masking, and WCS information.

Modeling

Framework for creating and fitting mathematical models to astronomical data.

Visualization

Tools for astronomical image display with appropriate stretching and scaling.

Constants

Physical and astronomical constants with proper units (speed of light, solar mass, Planck constant, etc.).

Convolution

Image processing kernels for smoothing and filtering.

Statistics

Robust statistical functions including sigma clipping and outlier rejection.

```bash

# Install astropy

uv pip install astropy

# With optional dependencies for full functionality

uv pip install astropy[all]

```

Converting Coordinates Between Systems

```python

from astropy.coordinates import SkyCoord

import astropy.units as u

# Create coordinate

c = SkyCoord(ra='05h23m34.5s', dec='-69d45m22s', frame='icrs')

# Transform to galactic

c_gal = c.galactic

print(f"l={c_gal.l.deg}, b={c_gal.b.deg}")

# Transform to alt-az (requires time and location)

from astropy.time import Time

from astropy.coordinates import EarthLocation, AltAz

observing_time = Time('2023-06-15 23:00:00')

observing_location = EarthLocation(lat=40u.deg, lon=-120u.deg)

aa_frame = AltAz(obstime=observing_time, location=observing_location)

c_altaz = c.transform_to(aa_frame)

print(f"Alt={c_altaz.alt.deg}, Az={c_altaz.az.deg}")

```

Reading and Analyzing FITS Files

```python

from astropy.io import fits

import numpy as np

# Open FITS file

with fits.open('observation.fits') as hdul:

# Display structure

hdul.info()

# Get image data and header

data = hdul[1].data

header = hdul[1].header

# Access header values

exptime = header['EXPTIME']

filter_name = header['FILTER']

# Analyze data

mean = np.mean(data)

median = np.median(data)

print(f"Mean: {mean}, Median: {median}")

```

Cosmological Distance Calculations

```python

from astropy.cosmology import Planck18

import astropy.units as u

import numpy as np

# Calculate distances at z=1.5

z = 1.5

d_L = Planck18.luminosity_distance(z)

d_A = Planck18.angular_diameter_distance(z)

print(f"Luminosity distance: {d_L}")

print(f"Angular diameter distance: {d_A}")

# Age of universe at that redshift

age = Planck18.age(z)

print(f"Age at z={z}: {age.to(u.Gyr)}")

# Lookback time

t_lookback = Planck18.lookback_time(z)

print(f"Lookback time: {t_lookback.to(u.Gyr)}")

```

Cross-Matching Catalogs

```python

from astropy.table import Table

from astropy.coordinates import SkyCoord, match_coordinates_sky

import astropy.units as u

# Read catalogs

cat1 = Table.read('catalog1.fits')

cat2 = Table.read('catalog2.fits')

# Create coordinate objects

coords1 = SkyCoord(ra=cat1['RA']u.degree, dec=cat1['DEC']u.degree)

coords2 = SkyCoord(ra=cat2['RA']u.degree, dec=cat2['DEC']u.degree)

# Find matches

idx, sep, _ = coords1.match_to_catalog_sky(coords2)

# Filter by separation threshold

max_sep = 1 * u.arcsec

matches = sep < max_sep

# Create matched catalogs

cat1_matched = cat1[matches]

cat2_matched = cat2[idx[matches]]

print(f"Found {len(cat1_matched)} matches")

```

1. Always use units: Attach units to quantities to avoid errors and ensure dimensional consistency
2. Use context managers for FITS files: Ensures proper file closing
3. Prefer arrays over loops: Process multiple coordinates/times as arrays for better performance
4. Check coordinate frames: Verify the frame before transformations
5. Use appropriate cosmology: Choose the right cosmological model for your analysis
6. Handle missing data: Use masked columns for tables with missing values
7. Specify time scales: Be explicit about time scales (UTC, TT, TDB) for precise timing
8. Use QTable for unit-aware tables: When table columns have units
9. Check WCS validity: Verify WCS before using transformations
10. Cache frequently used values: Expensive calculations (e.g., cosmological distances) can be cached

• Official Astropy Documentation: https://docs.astropy.org/en/stable/
• Tutorials: https://learn.astropy.org/
• GitHub: https://github.com/astropy/astropy

For detailed information on specific modules:

• references/units.md - Units, quantities, conversions, and equivalencies
• references/coordinates.md - Coordinate systems, transformations, and catalog matching
• references/cosmology.md - Cosmological models and calculations
• references/fits.md - FITS file operations and manipulation
• references/tables.md - Table creation, I/O, and operations
• references/time.md - Time formats, scales, and calculations
• references/wcs_and_other_modules.md - WCS, NDData, modeling, visualization, constants, and utilities