copy-editing

Check for product marketing context first:

If .claude/product-marketing-context.md exists, read it before editing. Use brand voice and customer language from that context to guide your edits.

Good copy editing isn't about rewriting—it's about enhancing. Each pass focuses on one dimension, catching issues that get missed when you try to fix everything at once.

Key principles:

• Don't change the core message; focus on enhancing it
• Multiple focused passes beat one unfocused review
• Each edit should have a clear reason
• Preserve the author's voice while improving clarity

---

Edit copy through seven sequential passes, each focusing on one dimension. After each sweep, loop back to check previous sweeps aren't compromised.

Sweep 1: Clarity

Focus: Can the reader understand what you're saying?

What to check:

• Confusing sentence structures
• Unclear pronoun references
• Jargon or insider language
• Ambiguous statements
• Missing context

Common clarity killers:

• Sentences trying to say too much
• Abstract language instead of concrete
• Assuming reader knowledge they don't have
• Burying the point in qualifications

Process:

1. Read through quickly, highlighting unclear parts
2. Don't correct yet—just note problem areas
3. After marking issues, recommend specific edits
4. Verify edits maintain the original intent

After this sweep: Confirm the "Rule of One" (one main idea per section) and "You Rule" (copy speaks to the reader) are intact.

---

Sweep 2: Voice and Tone

Focus: Is the copy consistent in how it sounds?

What to check:

• Shifts between formal and casual
• Inconsistent brand personality
• Mood changes that feel jarring
• Word choices that don't match the brand

Common voice issues:

• Starting casual, becoming corporate
• Mixing "we" and "the company" references
• Humor in some places, serious in others (unintentionally)
• Technical language appearing randomly

Process:

1. Read aloud to hear inconsistencies
2. Mark where tone shifts unexpectedly
3. Recommend edits that smooth transitions
4. Ensure personality remains throughout

After this sweep: Return to Clarity Sweep to ensure voice edits didn't introduce confusion.

---

Sweep 3: So What

Focus: Does every claim answer "why should I care?"

What to check:

• Features without benefits
• Claims without consequences
• Statements that don't connect to reader's life
• Missing "which means..." bridges

The So What test:

For every statement, ask "Okay, so what?" If the copy doesn't answer that question with a deeper benefit, it needs work.

❌ "Our platform uses AI-powered analytics"

So what?

✅ "Our AI-powered analytics surface insights you'd miss manually—so you can make better decisions in half the time"

Common So What failures:

• Feature lists without benefit connections
• Impressive-sounding claims that don't land
• Technical capabilities without outcomes
• Company achievements that don't help the reader

Process:

1. Read each claim and literally ask "so what?"
2. Highlight claims missing the answer
3. Add the benefit bridge or deeper meaning
4. Ensure benefits connect to real reader desires

After this sweep: Return to Voice and Tone, then Clarity.

---

Sweep 4: Prove It

Focus: Is every claim supported with evidence?

What to check:

• Unsubstantiated claims
• Missing social proof
• Assertions without backup
• "Best" or "leading" without evidence

Types of proof to look for:

• Testimonials with names and specifics
• Case study references
• Statistics and data
• Third-party validation
• Guarantees and risk reversals
• Customer logos
• Review scores

Common proof gaps:

• "Trusted by thousands" (which thousands?)
• "Industry-leading" (according to whom?)
• "Customers love us" (show them saying it)
• Results claims without specifics

Process:

1. Identify every claim that needs proof
2. Check if proof exists nearby
3. Flag unsupported assertions
4. Recommend adding proof or softening claims

After this sweep: Return to So What, Voice and Tone, then Clarity.

---

Sweep 5: Specificity

Focus: Is the copy concrete enough to be compelling?

What to check:

• Vague language ("improve," "enhance," "optimize")
• Generic statements that could apply to anyone
• Round numbers that feel made up
• Missing details that would make it real

Specificity upgrades:

| Vague | Specific |

|-------|----------|

| Save time | Save 4 hours every week |

| Many customers | 2,847 teams |

| Fast results | Results in 14 days |

| Improve your workflow | Cut your reporting time in half |

| Great support | Response within 2 hours |

Common specificity issues:

• Adjectives doing the work nouns should do
• Benefits without quantification
• Outcomes without timeframes
• Claims without concrete examples

Process:

1. Highlight vague words and phrases
2. Ask "Can this be more specific?"
3. Add numbers, timeframes, or examples
4. Remove content that can't be made specific (it's probably filler)

After this sweep: Return to Prove It, So What, Voice and Tone, then Clarity.

---

Sweep 6: Heightened Emotion

Focus: Does the copy make the reader feel something?

What to check:

• Flat, informational language
• Missing emotional triggers
• Pain points mentioned but not felt
• Aspirations stated but not evoked

Emotional dimensions to consider:

• Pain of the current state
• Frustration with alternatives
• Fear of missing out
• Desire for transformation
• Pride in making smart choices
• Relief from solving the problem

Techniques for heightening emotion:

• Paint the "before" state vividly
• Use sensory language
• Tell micro-stories
• Reference shared experiences
• Ask questions that prompt reflection

Process:

1. Read for emotional impact—does it move you?
2. Identify flat sections that should resonate
3. Add emotional texture while staying authentic
4. Ensure emotion serves the message (not manipulation)

After this sweep: Return to Specificity, Prove It, So What, Voice and Tone, then Clarity.

---

Sweep 7: Zero Risk

Focus: Have we removed every barrier to action?

What to check:

• Friction near CTAs
• Unanswered objections
• Missing trust signals
• Unclear next steps
• Hidden costs or surprises

Risk reducers to look for:

• Money-back guarantees
• Free trials
• "No credit card required"
• "Cancel anytime"
• Social proof near CTA
• Clear expectations of what happens next
• Privacy assurances

Common risk issues:

• CTA asks for commitment without earning trust
• Objections raised but not addressed
• Fine print that creates doubt
• Vague "Contact us" instead of clear next step

Process:

1. Focus on sections near CTAs
2. List every reason someone might hesitate
3. Check if the copy addresses each concern
4. Add risk reversals or trust signals as needed

After this sweep: Return through all previous sweeps one final time: Heightened Emotion, Specificity, Prove It, So What, Voice and Tone, Clarity.

---

Use these for faster reviews when a full seven-sweep process isn't needed.

Word-Level Checks

Cut these words:

• Very, really, extremely, incredibly (weak intensifiers)
• Just, actually, basically (filler)
• In order to (use "to")
• That (often unnecessary)
• Things, stuff (vague)

Replace these:

| Weak | Strong |

|------|--------|

| Utilize | Use |

| Implement | Set up |

| Leverage | Use |

| Facilitate | Help |

| Innovative | New |

| Robust | Strong |

| Seamless | Smooth |

| Cutting-edge | New/Modern |

Watch for:

• Adverbs (usually unnecessary)
• Passive voice (switch to active)
• Nominalizations (verb → noun: "make a decision" → "decide")

Sentence-Level Checks

• One idea per sentence
• Vary sentence length (mix short and long)
• Front-load important information
• Max 3 conjunctions per sentence
• No more than 25 words (usually)

Paragraph-Level Checks

• One topic per paragraph
• Short paragraphs (2-4 sentences for web)
• Strong opening sentences
• Logical flow between paragraphs
• White space for scannability

---

Before You Start

• [ ] Understand the goal of this copy
• [ ] Know the target audience
• [ ] Identify the desired action
• [ ] Read through once without editing

Clarity (Sweep 1)

• [ ] Every sentence is immediately understandable
• [ ] No jargon without explanation
• [ ] Pronouns have clear references
• [ ] No sentences trying to do too much

Voice & Tone (Sweep 2)

• [ ] Consistent formality level throughout
• [ ] Brand personality maintained
• [ ] No jarring shifts in mood
• [ ] Reads well aloud

So What (Sweep 3)

• [ ] Every feature connects to a benefit
• [ ] Claims answer "why should I care?"
• [ ] Benefits connect to real desires
• [ ] No impressive-but-empty statements

Prove It (Sweep 4)

• [ ] Claims are substantiated
• [ ] Social proof is specific and attributed
• [ ] Numbers and stats have sources
• [ ] No unearned superlatives

Specificity (Sweep 5)

• [ ] Vague words replaced with concrete ones
• [ ] Numbers and timeframes included
• [ ] Generic statements made specific
• [ ] Filler content removed

Heightened Emotion (Sweep 6)

• [ ] Copy evokes feeling, not just information
• [ ] Pain points feel real
• [ ] Aspirations feel achievable
• [ ] Emotion serves the message authentically

Zero Risk (Sweep 7)

• [ ] Objections addressed near CTA
• [ ] Trust signals present
• [ ] Next steps are crystal clear
• [ ] Risk reversals stated (guarantee, trial, etc.)

Final Checks

• [ ] No typos or grammatical errors
• [ ] Consistent formatting
• [ ] Links work (if applicable)
• [ ] Core message preserved through all edits

---

Problem: Wall of Features

Symptom: List of what the product does without why it matters

Fix: Add "which means..." after each feature to bridge to benefits

Problem: Corporate Speak

Symptom: "Leverage synergies to optimize outcomes"

Fix: Ask "How would a human say this?" and use those words

Problem: Weak Opening

Symptom: Starting with company history or vague statements

Fix: Lead with the reader's problem or desired outcome

Problem: Buried CTA

Symptom: The ask comes after too much buildup, or isn't clear

Fix: Make the CTA obvious, early, and repeated

Problem: No Proof

Symptom: "Customers love us" with no evidence

Fix: Add specific testimonials, numbers, or case references

Problem: Generic Claims

Symptom: "We help businesses grow"

Fix: Specify who, how, and by how much

Problem: Mixed Audiences

Symptom: Copy tries to speak to everyone, resonates with no one

Fix: Pick one audience and write directly to them

Problem: Feature Overload

Symptom: Listing every capability, overwhelming the reader

Fix: Focus on 3-5 key benefits that matter most to the audience

---

When editing collaboratively:

1. Run a sweep and present findings - Show what you found, why it's an issue
2. Recommend specific edits - Don't just identify problems; propose solutions
3. Request the updated copy - Let the author make final decisions
4. Verify previous sweeps - After each round of edits, re-check earlier sweeps
5. Repeat until clean - Continue until a full sweep finds no new issues

This iterative process ensures each edit doesn't create new problems while respecting the author's ownership of the copy.

---

• [Plain English Alternatives](references/plain-english-alternatives.md): Replace complex words with simpler alternatives

---

1. What's the goal of this copy? (Awareness, conversion, retention)
2. What action should readers take?
3. Are there specific concerns or known issues?
4. What proof/evidence do you have available?

---

• copywriting: For writing new copy from scratch (use this skill to edit after your first draft is complete)
• page-cro: For broader page optimization beyond copy
• marketing-psychology: For understanding why certain edits improve conversion
• ab-test-setup: For testing copy variations

---

| Task | Skill to Use |

|------|--------------|

| Writing new page copy from scratch | copywriting |

| Reviewing and improving existing copy | copy-editing (this skill) |

| Editing copy you just wrote | copy-editing (this skill) |

| Structural or strategic page changes | page-cro |